adventitious bud	a bud formed de novo mainly endogenously; usually develops on roots, less often on stems or leaves; its formation may be stimulated by plant injury
axillary bud	a bud situated on a stem in the axil of a leaf; it develops exogenously at the shoot apex
bud bank	all viable axillary and adventitious buds which are present on a plant and are available for spring regrowth, branching and replacement of shoots through a season or for vegetative regeneration after an injury (regenerative buds); some buds may be initiated by an injury
budding plant	a plant formed by a small frond (e.g. Lemna); an extremely reduced plant body of aquatic plants; its growth results in the production of similar structures which are soon detached from parent plant
bulb	a storage organ consisting of storage leaves and a shortened stem base; the bulb is formed by organs produced within a single season or in the course of several seasons; by itself it represents one renewal bud; in addition, some plants produce smaller bulbs and/or bulbils; plants growing from them morphologically and in size resemble seedlings
bulbils and tubercules	small vegetative diaspores produced in axils of leaves on stems above-ground or below-ground; depending on the location of storage within the buds they are called bulbils (storage located in scale leaves), stem tubercules (storage located in the stem part) and root tubers (storage located in an adventitious root); they soon fall down from the parent plant and immediately start to grow, having no dormancy, whereas below-ground bulbils and tubercules may postpone their development until spring; young plants regenerating from bulbils and tubercules resemble seedlings in their morphology and size
clonal fragment	physically inter-connected ramets of a clonally growing plant
epigeogenous rhizome	a perennating stem-originated organ formed above-ground (Serebrjakov and Serebrjakova 1965); its distal part is covered by soil and litter or pulled into the soil by the contraction of roots; nodes bear green leaves, the internodes are usually short; the rhizomes bear roots and serve as a bud bank and storage organs; vegetative spreading is usually slow (up to a few cm . year-1), persistence of epigeogenous rhizomes differ considerably among species
horizontal above-ground stem	a clonal growth organ rooting in the soil and providing connection between offspring plants or formed by a creeping axis of a plant; nodes on the stem bear leaves, internodes are usually long, the stem serves as a storage organ and a bud bank; vegetative spreading may be fast and persistence of the horizontal above-ground stems differs considerably among species
hypogeogenous rhizome	a clonal growth organ formed below-ground (Serebrjakov and Serebrjakova 1965); the rhizome usually grows horizontally at a species-specific depth and after some time it becomes orthotropic and forms above-ground shoots; the horizontal part of the rhizome bears bracts, a few roots developed at the nodes, and has long internodes; vegetative spreading is often fast, up to several meters . yr-1; persistence of the hypogeogenous rhizome differs considerably among species
leaves with adventitious buds (gemmipary)	adventitious buds on leaves formed after shedding or detaching of leaves from the parent plant; on bare wet soil they develop into plantlets resembling seedlings in their morphology and size
lignotuber	swollen below-ground stem base of a woody plant, usually partly of root origin; it bears axillary buds and contains large carbohydrate reserves used for regeneration after a disturbance, usually fire
plantlet (pseudovivipary)	a meristem which would normally develop into a flower, forms a vegetative bud (plantlet, bulbil, root or stem tubercule) and may be soon detached from the parent plant; alternatively the whole inflorescence lays down and plantlets root at the soil surface; offspring morphology and size is similar to seedlings
regenerative bud	dormant (resting) axillary, adventitious buds which break their dormancy and adventitious buds formed de novo and substituting for lost shoots after an injury; the regenerative buds may be located on any living plant part, including above-ground shoots; they form a bud bank together with renewal buds
regrowth	see vegetative regeneration
renewal buds	dormant (resting) axillary and adventitious buds which are used for spring regrowth or replacement of shoots during a season; renewal buds usually form a small proportion of the buds on a plant, their location is species-specific and similar in plants with the same morphology; their location is used in the definition of Raunkiaer's life-forms and their development is seasonal; in comparison with regenerative buds, structures in the renewal buds are usually more preformed, and may include leaves, stems and in some cases even flowers; their dormancy may be broken by a disturbance, however, this often results in flower abortion or malformation; in many plants no sharp distinction between renewal and regenerative buds exists; the renewal buds together with regenerative buds form a bud bank
root-splitter	a plant possessing a primary root system without adventitious roots and buds; senescing tap root of old plants decays from the root center, in some species causing plant fragmentation; an old individual genet disintegrates into ramets bearing parts of the main root and one or a few shoots; vegetative spreading is poor; the tap root serves as a storage organ and vascular link between shoots; the bud bank is situated on the perennial bases of shoots (caudex)
roots with adventitious buds	plant roots (main root including the hypocotyle, and adventitious roots) form adventitious buds spontaneously or after an injury; when buds are formed on horizontal roots they may enable an extensive clonal growth; persistence of the roots with adventitious buds considerably differs among species
root tuber	a below-ground storage organ; in some plants it serves as a regenerative organ of root origin bearing a bud or buds of stem origin; in that case the plant dies back in autumn, except for the root tuber(s) with the buds, later utilised for spring regrowth; in summer old tubers decay and new ones are formed
shoot	product of an apical meristem, usually consisting of a stem with leaves and generative structures (flowers and fruits)
stem tuber	below-ground, usually short-lived storage and regenerative organ of shoot origin; offspring tubers are attached to a parent tuber or produced at the end of a hypogeogenous rhizome; the parent plant dies back in autumn, except for the stem tuber(s) which bear one dominant bud, each utilised for spring regrowth; in summer old tubers decay and new ones are formed; in addition some plants produce smaller tubers and/or tubercules; plants growing from them resemble in morphology and size seedlings
tuber-splitter	a plant develops only one perennial tuber (usually formed by the hypocotyle), no offspring tubers are produced; in senescing plants tubers may start to decay from their center resulting eventually in plant fragmentation
turion	a detachable over-wintering bud of water plants composed of tightly arranged leaves filled by storage compounds; the turion develops axially or apically, is usually dormant and needs vernalization to regrow
vegetative regeneration	growth of plant which follows after loss of biomass due to disturbance and results in at least partial restoration of plant functions (vegetative growth)